究竟如何把握真实

从近代哲学关于主体和客体、符号和对象之间的关系的角度来把握真实的理论,真实的东西就是被符号准确描述的东西。然而康德不可知论却说明了这种知性思维所面临的困难,黑格尔试图从唯心主义辩证法的角度来解决这个问题。他的这个思路也可以为结构主义思路所利用,即真实都是由符号体系所建构起来的,自在的真实也存在于符号体系之中。而当自在的真实也被纳入到符号体系之中的时候,超级真实的情况就会发生,即真假是在符号体系内部被区别开来的,具有想象性质的虚假已经不再可能了。这就好比说,人生活在一个表演的世界中,谁在生活,谁在表演无法被区分开来。海德格尔把这种情况称为"沉沦"。海德格尔希望通过对沉沦的分析而揭示真实。这种真实就是存在自身的显露,是此在在世的显露。这是第一位意义上的真,而在二元论结构中所把握的真是第二位意义上的真。阿多诺批判了海德格尔所采取的现象学方法,认为第一位意义上的真不能通过实体性东西的悬置而被直观地把握,而要借助于概念。当然概念在表达这种第一位意义上的真的时候必然是错误的,因此,又需要否定概念。辩证法就是在利用和否定概念中达到对真实的把握。马克思主义认识论应该吸收阿多诺所提出的辩证方法。

How to Grasp the Truth on Earth

From the perspective of the relationship between subject and object,symbol and object in modern philosophy,the real thing is the thing that is accurately described by the symbol.However,Kant's agnosticism illustrates the difficulties faced by this intellectual thinking.Hegel tries to solve this problem from the perspective of idealist dialectics.His ideas can also be used for structuralist ideas,that is,reality is constructed by the symbolic system,and the truth also exists in the symbolic system.When the truth in itsself is also incorporated into the symbol system,the hyperreal situation will occur,that is,the true and false are distinguished within the symbol system,and the imaginary falsehood is no longer possible. This is like saying that people live in a world of performances,the difference between the man who is living and the man who is performing can't be ditinguished.Heidegger called this situation as "sinkingin normal life".Heidegger hopes to reveal the truth through the analysis of this situation.This kind of truth is the manifestation of Dasein.This is the first meaning of truth,and what is grasped in the dualistic structure is really the second meaning of truth.Adorno criticized Heidegger's phenomenologieal approach,and believed that the first meaning of truth can't be intuitively grasped by the suspension of physical things,but by concept.Of course,the concept must be wrong in expressing the first meaning of truth.Therefore,it is necessary to negate the concept.Dialectics is to achieve the grasp of truth by using and negating concept.Marxist epistemology should absorb the dialectical method proposed by Adorno.