清代社会救济制度初探

清朝是我国历史上最后一个封建王朝，清代的社会救济制度具有如下特点：贫困不构成道德问题，它基本上不受谴责，甚至有德性的贫人还是令人尊敬的；官方救济缺乏法制化基础，不重视救济的经济功能，与农业社会结构相适应。民间机构救济内容的多层次，资金来源的多元化，管理方式有一定的近代性；民间救济机构对接受者有经济和道德的双重要求，主要发挥教化乡里、改善民风和社会整合的功能；家族保障的封闭性和狭隘性，救济范围小，再分配功能弱。

Approach to Social Relief System in the Qing Dynasty

Comparing the social relief in the Qing dynasty with that in UK may help to understand from an indirect source what account for it. Such comparison shows us some characteristics of the relief system in the Qing dynasty: poverty is out of issue of morality and not subjected to condemnation and the poor of morality is even held in respect; the official relief is short of the basis of legal system, without economic functions and just compatible with agricultural social structure; the relief from folk institutions is with different contents, with different sources of funds and with a certain style of modern times. The folk relief institutions regard the person on relief both economic and morally, functioning the enlightening fellow villagers by education and the improving folkways and society.