应急状态下行政许可的实施

《行政许可法》和《突发事件应对法》未涉及行政许可的效力基于应急状态的变动问题。行政许可的实施在应急状态下面临合法性困境,其纾解应从形式与实质两个层面着手。应急状态下,行政机关原则上具有概括的许可实施职权,在缺乏可预见性的规范时,可在满足基本的形式合法性前提下,通过情事变更原则满足实质合法性。此时,行政许可的条件、审查标准与程序等应与常态有所差异。许可中止制度在应急状态下具有适用空间,其核心在于有效期的中止,适用于被许可人无过错的情况,有必要在《行政许可法》中加以规定。应急状态作为不可抗力,可能但不一定完全导致行政许可废止的结果。此时,行政许可的废止仍需以许可目标完全不可实现或者许可的继续实施极可能导致个人或公共利益的严重损害为前提。现行行政许可有效期延续制度在审查强度和程序等方面规则不明。应急状态下,应当放宽许可延续的申请期,对延续申请可以采用形式和书面审查,并建立依职权延续和临时延续制度。为更好应对应急状态,应当根据应急状态各处置阶段的需要,创设新的许可类型。

Implementation of Administrative License in Emergency Status

The effect of administrative actions in emergency status is not clearly regulated in Administrative License Law and Emergency Response Law.Therefore,the legality of administrative license in emergency status is sometimes doubted.To solve the problem,the administrative actors,if with general executive power,could meet the requirements of legality according to the principle of clausula rebus sic stantibus in emergency status.In the emergent situation,the conditions and inspection shall be different from the normal situation.The Administrative License Law shall provide the rules of the suspension of licenses,with the essence of the suspension of the period of validity.This provision can be applied when the holder of license has no fault.The emergency status may lead to the abolition of administrative license.However,the fact of force majeure does not definitely result in the abolition of the license.The abolition owes to the impossibility of the goal of licenses or its serious damages to the rights of individuals or public good.The current terms of the examination intensity and procedures for the extension of the validity period of administrative license is unclear.In the status of emergency,the application period for the extension shall be deregulated,the application for the extension may be examined in the manner of formality and documentary review,and the system for the extension according to the ex officio and temporary extension shall be established.In order to respond to the emergency status effectively,new types of permission should be created and perfected according to the disposal stage of the emergency situation.