国家赔偿责任的民法基础

历史上盛行国家无不法行为能力理论,据此国家不对其公务员履行职务时的侵权行为承担责任,公务员要自己承担赔偿责任。随着法治国家观念的确立,国家开始代替其公务员向受害人承担赔偿责任,即所谓的代位责任。也有国家确立了国家的直接赔偿责任,即自己责任。但无一例外,国家的赔偿义务均建立在民法基础上,以全额赔偿为原则。我国国家赔偿制度确立了独一无二的"个人不赔,国家不全赔"的赔偿模式,偏离了赔偿法所固有的民法属性,无法良好保护受害人。而其根源则在于欠缺对国家赔偿责任的历史与本质的全面理解。有鉴于此,应尽快修订《国家赔偿法》,确立国家的全额赔偿责任,更好地服务法治国家的建设。

The Civil Basis of State liability

Historically,it prevails the theory that the state is not able to act illegally,whereby the state does not assume liability for the tort of its civil servants in the performance of their duties,they should bear the liability themselves. With the establishment of the concept of Rechtsstaat in modern times,the state began to bear the liability to the victims instead of its civil servants,the so-called vicarious liability. Some countries have established the state’s direct liability,that is,its own liability. Without exception,the obligation to compensate is based on civil law and is based on the principle of full reparation. China’s state liability system has established a unique model,according to it " individual does not pay,the state does not pay in full",this model deviated from the principle of full reparation in the civil law,so that the victims can ’t get full compensation. The root of the problem lies in the lack of a comprehensive understanding of the history and nature of the state ’ s liability. Therefore,the state liability law is necessary to be revised as soon as possible to better serve the construction of the Rechtsstaat.