从《琉球百问》看清代中叶琉球贵族的疾病与社会生活

《琉球百问》《琉球问答奇病论》是清代道光年间,琉球御医吕凤仪就个人行医经验所遇之疑难杂症向当时吴门医派大家曹存心（1767—1834）问诊求方的文字记录,这些记录成为观察清中叶琉球疾病医疗史的珍贵资料。据现存最早使琉球录的作者陈侃（1489—1538）曾观察琉球居民的体格如是说道：＂国无医药,民亦不夭札,或壮、或老始生痘疹。＂琉球居民是否恒常康健？是否果真完全不需医药？值得进一步探讨。本文将以《琉球百问》为中心,透过观察琉球当时的疾病与社会生活之关系,重新省思陈侃说法的真实性。从本文的讨论得知,琉球居民的疾病现象既有某种程度的普遍性（例如天花、梅毒）,也有某些程度的地域性（例如铁树根毒）。可见《琉球百问》相当程度地反映当时琉球人的某些生活方式与社会情境,并成为中国历来使琉书写的某些观察角度与思维盲点的绝佳对照。

The Illness of Nobles & Social Life in Liu-Qiu in the Middle Period of Qing Dynasty Seen Through 100 Questions about Liu-Qiu

“100 questions about Liu-Qiu” and “Q & A for Strange Diseases in Liu-Qiu” are both the diagnostic, medical, and prescription records made by emperor’s doctor, Lu Feng-Yi, based on the consultation he got from the famous doctor, Tsao Cun-Xin (1767—1834) under Wu school, regarding all the strange disease and diagnostic experiences Lu Feng-Yi had met with during his career. These records have now become precious information to observe the history of diseases and medicine in Liu-Qiu during the middle period of Qing Dynasty. Based on the earliest records about Liu-Qiu made by Chen Kan (1489—1538), he made the following statement regarding the physiques of local residents: “They need no medication there, and local residents also could stay healthy throughout their whole life; they don’t have chicken pox or measles problems until reaching their middle or elderly age”. Therefore, whether the local residents could always stay healthy or they didn’t really need any medication is a topic worthy of our further exploration. In this article, we could further examine the relationship between local diseases and social life based on the information obtained from “100 questions about Liu-Qiu”, and then verify the truthfulness of Chen Kan’s statement. Through the discussion made in this article, the diseases found in the local residents in Liu-Qiu had certain kind of generality (such as smallpox & syphilis) and regional characteristic (such as the root poison of a sago cycad). Apparently, “100 questions about Liu-Qiu” does reflect the life style and social status to quite a high level then and make itself a great comparison to records made based on precedent envoys own observation and probably biased viewpoints.