Insights for Contemporary Drug Policy: A Historical Account of Opium Control in India and Pakistan |
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Authors: | James Windle |
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Institution: | (1) Midlands Centre for Criminology and Criminal Justice, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK |
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Abstract: | Opium, as a tradable commodity, has a long history in the Indian sub-continent. This article offers a history of the production
and distribution of both licit and illicit opium from 1773 to the present day in order to explore the lessons that the experiences
of Indian and Pakistani can offer to contemporary drug policy. Four insights for contemporary drug control policy are developed
from the historical analysis: (1) post-independence Pakistan and India illustrate the difficulties of controlling a regulated,
licit, opium industry; (2) the relationship between Chinese and Indian opium production and exports may suggest that competition
can be an effective impetus to production suppression; (3) developmental approaches to reducing production can limit the damages
caused by opium suppression; (4) effective suppression requires alterations to institutional and structural conditions that
facilitate production (i.e. reducing violent conflict, improving civil and criminal justice institutions efficiency or extending
transport infrastructures). |
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Keywords: | |
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