《范进中举》中的科举规训

中国古代基本上可以称为科举社会。从国家治理的层面,科举制度实现了王权与士治的结合,使贤人治国的理念深入人心。从读书人的角度,科举制度连接着内圣和外王,不仅关乎"权"、"名"、"利",更直接的就是个人的自我实现程度。科举这种考试权力,是一种规训权力。一方面,通过全景敞视建筑(panopticon)监视,使读书人产生"自我监视",在布衣卿相的路上无止境地奔竞;另一方面,通过对读书人身体苦行僧般的操演,不断从细微处雕琢读书人的身体和灵魂,创造着封建社会需要的主体。所有的人都在此游戏里乐此不疲,似乎对游戏背后的权力规训茫然无知。

The Discipline of Imperial Examination in Fan Jin Passes the Imperial Exam

The ancient Chinese society is characterized by the Imperial Examination. At the level of national governance, the imperial examination system actualizes the combination of royal rule with scholars, popularizing the idea of ruling by the intellectual. From the scholars＇ point of view, the examination system connects the saint with the emperor, relating not only to Power, Fame and Interest, but also more directly with an individual＇s selfrealization. The power of imperial examination is a disciplinary power. On the one hand, its ＂Panopticon surveillance＂ produces ＂self-monitoring＂ in scholars who engage in the endless competition on the way to success; on the other hand, through the ascetic drill of the scholars＇ body, the system continually affects human body and soul in microscopic ways, creating subjects to meet the need of feudal society. All people indulge in this game, seemingly ignorant of the power discipline behind it.