论罗尔斯对功利主义的批判

罗尔斯对功利主义的批判是为了建立一种正义理论,以期代替居于统治地位的功利主义,他对功利主义的批评,涉及到功利主义的三个错误:即功利主义没有认真考虑在一个社会里如何分配利益和福利;功利主义没有认真地考虑人与人之间的差别;功利主义没有考虑欲望满足方面的特性.而这三个错误在罗尔斯看来是目的论和道义论之间的差异、是善与正义之间的差异、是效率原则与平等原则之间的差别.在<政治自由主义>中,他又联系社会多元论的事实,对功利主义的综合性学说进行批评,使他对功利主义的批判上升到一个新的阶段.罗尔斯对功利主义的批判给我们两点启示:如何正确处理效率原则和平等原则关系问题以及如何正确处理一元与多元的关系问题.

On John Rawls's Critique of Utilitarianism

John Rawls's critique of utilitarianism is to build a theory of justice in order to replace the dominant utilitarianism. His critique includes three errors of utilitarianism, that is, utilitarianism doesn't consider how to distribute the interests and the welfares in a society, the difference among different persons, and the characters of desire demanding. These three errors is the difference between teleology and deontology, the good and the justice, efficiency and the equality. In the "Political Liberalism" he criticizes that utilitarianism is a comprehensive doctrine from the social fact of pluralism. His critique enters a new stage. There are two enlightenments in his critique, the first is how to handle the relation between the principles of efficiency and than of equality, the second is how to handle the relation between monism and pluralism.