民事行为有效推定规则的构造及其运用——我国民事行为效力立法模式的检讨与重构

我国《民法通则》一方面以民事法律行为要件的形式概括规定了民事行为的有效要件,另一方面又列举规定了民事行为无效、可变更可撤销的具体情形的立法模式存在严重的逻辑空白。这种立法模式有违意思自治,也与各国立法的普遍选择相悖。民事行为有效具有先验性,是不能被“证实”而只能被“证伪”的,立法不应从正面规定民事行为的有效要件。民事行为一经成立即应推定为有效,法律另有规定或当事人另有约定的除外。

Structure and Application of Valid Presumption of Civil Acts: Reconsideration and Restructure of the Chinese Legislative Paradigm Concerning the Validity of Civil Acts

On one hand,the General Principles of the Civil Law of the PRC generally provides the requirements of valid civil acts; in the other hand,it indicates that the legislative paradigm contains severe logic defects in invalidating,altering and rescinding civil acts. Such a legislative mode is contrary to the self-governance of ideas and does not accord with that of other countries. This paper argues that a valid civil act is characterized by “apriority,” which can only be “counter evidenced” rather than “identified.” Thus,statutes should not prescribe what civil acts are valid but what civil acts are invalid. In addition,this paper puts forward a valid presumption of civil acts and maintains that once a civil act is performed it should be presumed valid,unless otherwise provided by law or stipulated by the parties.