析日本近代的社会养老保障制度

古代日本社会有优老、养老的制度和传统。在社会转型期的近代日本,养老保障呈现出有异于近世和战后的特点,具有贯通两大阶段的过渡性。虽然“家”依然是承担养老功能的主体,但其经济来源由家业收入转为恩给、工薪、年金等;户主承担养老责任,从惯例向制度转变;养老任务承担者则由主要依靠家长,向依靠女性特别是主妇转变。并且,由于重视家族制度规范,加之儒家孝道的影响,导致法律政策上养老保障制度的滞后,相关法令有明显对“贫疾孤老”实施救济的特征,未形成相应的制度体系。

An Analysis of Old-Age Security in Modern Japan

During the transformation period of modern Japan,old-age security presented a transitional characteristic which was different from that of early modern and post-war period. Although “ie” is still the main body of elderly care,the economic source of elderly care changed from family business to favor and employment,etc. Moreover,inheritors bore the responsibility of elderly care as a result of the change from moral rule to regime. The main subject of elderly care changed from inheritors to women,especially housewives. In addition,due to the emphasis on the “ie” regime moral rule and the role of Confucian ethics,old-age security lagged behind in the formulation of legal policies,and institutional system had not been formed.