家产制与中国家庭法律的社会适应——一种“实践的法律社会学”分析

家产制作为一种习惯法,与中国的家庭法律及其社会适应性存在着密切关联。对家产制和家庭法律的研究应该采取实践的法律社会学态度,通过经验研究来充分展示转型社会对家庭本身的内在需求,从而在法律制度上对这种社会需求给于正确的回应。考察分家模式的历史变迁,可以发现家产制是处理中国家庭财产分配的根本制度选择。在产权结构上,家产制具有客体上的公有性、主体上的多元性以及主体作用于客体的身份性等三大特征,从而区别于西方所有权制度。这种特殊的家产制度是中国转型社会的内在需求,因为中国农村的城市化是一个长期的过程,而在这个过程中家产制有利于维护家庭的稳定从而有助于城市化的顺利进行;另外一方面,家产制有利于补充国家养老能力的不足从而确保城市家庭的稳定和再生产,提升国家的整体竞争力。然而家庭法律却日益朝着去家产制和私权化的方向发展,从而丧失社会适应性,不利于家庭和社会的稳定。因此,中国的家庭立法应该回归新的家产制,并以其为中心确立起发展型家庭法律体系。

Family Property System and Social Adaptation of Chinese Family Law:An Analysis of Sociology of Law in Practice

As a customary law,family property system is in close association with Chinese family law and its social adaptability.The study of family property system and family law should take the attitude ofsociology of law in practice,through empirical research to fully demonstrate the internal demand of changing society to the family,resulting in the legal system to give a correct response to this social demand.Examining the historical changes of family division,we can find that family property system is the basic system choice for dealing with the distribution of family property.On the structure of property rights,family property system is public on the object,multiple on the subject and identified on the role from subject to object,thus distinguished from the western ownership system.This particular family property system is the internal demand of the Chinese society transition,because the family property system is conducive to maintaining family stability and thus contributing to the smooth progress of urbanization,which is a long process.On the other hand,the family property system is conducive to adding the capacity lack of state pension to ensure the stability and reproduction of the urban households,improving the overall competitiveness of the country.However,the family law is increasingly moving to against the family property system and private right trend,and thus loss the social adaptation,which is not conducive to the stability of the family and society.Therefore,Chinese family legislation should return the new family property system and establish the developing family law system.