论知识产权的道德基础

知识产权的道德或正当性一直是知识产权学术界和社会实践中争论最多和分歧最大的问题,也是构建知识产权理论和处理实务工作必须面对的最重要和最基本的问题.在前期对知识产权客体的哲学基础①和知识产权之财产权的经济学基础②深入研究的基础上,比较深入地分析了知识产权的道德基础问题,指出:对于知识产权问题,可适用天理道德和契约道德两类道德规范,其中天理道德主要体现为“谁创造谁所有”；契约道德包括“先占先得”和诚信.知识产权之精神权完全符合这两类道德,但知识产权之财产权却难以完全符合这两类道德.更重要的是,知识产权之财产权的对象(财产)是关于知识或特定有用信息的特许用益权,是各国立法主体根据本国整体利益最大化原则创设的,仅由立法主体代表本国人民整体利益的根本属性决定,与人类普遍遵从的道德无关.从本性和逻辑上看,知识或有用信息是公共产品,不存在盗窃问题；关于知识或有用信息的法定特许用益权只能被侵犯,不能被盗窃.因而知识产权只存在侵权与否或违法与否的问题.所谓“盗窃他人智力成果”的说法其实是一个伪命题.

The Ethics Basis of Intellectual Property Rights

The morality or rightfulness of IPR is always the issue receiving most criticisms and debates from the IPR academic community and practice.It is also the most important and basic issue being faced in building the IPR theory and in dealing with the practical work.Based on the philosophy study about the objective matter of IPR and the economic study about the property right of IPR previously done,this paper studies the morality or rightfulness of IPR deeply.It points out that two categories of moralities(the natural morality and contract morality) can be applied to IPR,in which the natural morality appears mainly as "who creates,who owns";the contract morality additionally includes "who occupies earlier,who owns" and "faith and credit".The moral right of IPR is completely accordant with these moralities.But the property right of IPR cannot always be accordant with them.More importantly,the object matter(property) of the property right of IPR is the specially permitted right to use and benef it from the certain knowledge or useful information,which is legislated by the legislative bodies in every country according to the principle of making the whole benef it of the country as large as possible,and which decided by the attribute that the legislative body must represent the whole benef it of the country,regardless of the moralities of the whole human beings.Based on the essence and logic,knowledge or useful information is the public product owned by the whole human beings,and therefore,there is no such thing as steal.The specially permitted right to use and benef it from the certain knowledge and useful information can only be violated,but cannot be stolen.Hence,there is only the problem of IPR infringement or IPR law violation.The so called "stealing other’s intellectual achievements" is actually a false proposition.