“土流并治”:土司制度推行中的常态

土司制度是元、明、清三代在我国西南地区普遍推行的行政管理制度。其基本内涵是用当地的各少数民族首领,充任各级、各类土官,如土司、土职、土弁等。在土司制度执行的过程中,朝廷又多次执行"改土归流",以至于此前有的学者将土官与流官视为截然两分的行政机构,甚至将土司视为游离于朝廷之外的"化外"酋邦。然而,仔细排比元、明、清三代史志的相关资料后却不难发现,即令是在执行土司制度的地区,朝廷任命的流官始终在土司衙门中任职。土司被"改土归流"后,其后裔还可以在当地充任各级土职,与流官一道治理当地各少数民族,有的土司甚至还能以土司的身份因功受奖,未经科举考试而直接充任高级流官。这些事实的客观存在足以表明,土司与流官之间并不存在不可逾越的鸿沟,他们都是朝廷职官制度中的两个有机构成部分。其间不仅可以并存,还可以互换,而且还能够相互制衡、互为补充,因而"土流并治"理当是土司制度推行中的常态。

Chieftain and Native Officer Exit at the Same Time:a Normal Phenomenon at the Process of Implement of Chieftain System

chieftain system is the administrative and management systems have generally adopted the Yuan,Ming and Qing Dynasties in China’s southwestern region.Its basic meaning use a local minority leader of the eligibility of all levels,all kinds of native officer such as chieftain,and so on.In the process of implementation of the chieftain system,the court has repeatedly perform"Chieftain"that some scholars had considered as of diametrically two part with the flow of official administrative body,or even considered chieftain as separated from the court as the "Outsider" Chiefdom.However,careful alignment,Ming,Qing Dynasties Chronicles of relevant information,it is not difficult to find,hence speed region in the implementation of the chieftain system,flow officer appointed by the court has always been to serve in the chieftain government office.Chieftain was"Bureaucratization Of Native officers",their descendants also can act as the local officer at all levels,with a flow of official governance of local ethnic minorities,some chieftain and even also to chieftain the identity of successful alumni,without the imperial examination directly act as Advanced Streaming officer.The objective existence of these facts sufficient to show that does not exist an unbridgeable gulf between the chieftain and the flow of official,they are court Official System of the two organic components.During which not only can coexist,and also can be used interchangeably,but also checks and balances,and complement each other,and thus the soil flow and governance"which should be the chieftain system to implement the norm.