拉美中产阶级政党的困境:以墨西哥国家行动党为例

中产阶级政党的发展与其阶级基础和政治立场等因素有关。拉美中产阶级政党在进口替代工业化进程中崭露头角,但在近年来普遍面临发展困境。本文以墨西哥国家行动党为案例探讨这种困境的成因,对该党内部派系斗争、社会基础等因素进行历史分析。作为持中右立场的中产阶级政党,墨西哥国家行动党长期面临两大制约。一是来自右翼势力的渗透,导致该党政治定位出现摇摆,从中间立场向右翼摆动,党内长期分裂,党政不和。二是狭隘的阶级基础所造成的地域局限性。国家行动党的主要力量集中在中小企业发达的北部地区,难以成长为全国性大党和国会中的多数党。在这两种制约因素的共同作用下,国家行动党选举竞争力不强、执政能力低下,始终无法建立广泛而稳定的群众基础,陷入发展困境。结合阿根廷激进公民联盟和哥斯达黎加民族解放党的类似情况,本文认为拉美国家中产阶级政党普遍面临相似的困境。能否突破这些结构性制约,是拉美中产阶级政党发展面临的挑战。

The Dilemma of Latin American Middle-class Parties:The Panorama of National Action Party of Mexico

The development of middle-class parties is related to factors such as their class foundation and political stanceLatin American middle-class parties have emerged in the process of import substitution industrialization,but most of them faced development difficulties in recent yearsThis article focuses on the National Action Party(PAN)of Mexico to analyze the cause of such difficultiesBased on a historical analysis of the factional struggles and social foundations within the National Action Party,this article points out that,as a middle-class party with a central-right position,the National Action Party faced two major constraintsThe first constraint came from the infiltration of right-wing forces,which caused the swaying of party’s political position toward the right,long-term division within the party and discord between the party and the governmentThe second constraint was the geographical limitation caused by the narrow class base of the partyThe main force of the National Action Party lies in the northern region where small and medium-sized enterprises(SMEs)clustersIt is difficult for the National Action Party to grow into a large national party and win majority in CongressUnder the combined effects of these two constraints,the National Action Party neither have strong election competitiveness nor high ability of governanceIt has never been able to acquire a stable mass foundation and thus fallen into a dilemma of developmentIllustrating the similar situation of the Radical Citizens League of Argentina and the National Liberal Party of Costa Rica,the author argues that middle-class parties in Latin American countries generally face similar dilemmasWhether these structural constraints can be overcome is a common challenge for middle-class parties.