美国与拉美民粹主义的主要区别与左右分野

民粹主义在美国和拉美地区具有不同的发生和发展史。与在拉美不同,民粹主义在美国起源时间较早,但发生频率较低,持续时间较短,彼此关联性不强,影响程度较弱,激进程度较轻。特朗普式的民粹主义在很大程度上体现了美国民粹主义的“拉美化”倾向。民粹主义在美国和拉美有很明显的左右分野,左翼民粹主义在拉美长期占据主流,右翼民粹主义在美国则是主要形式。在与何种类型的左右翼结合、是否与民族主义结盟、集权程度等多个方面,这两个地区的左右翼民粹主义也存在较大差别。目前,美国和拉美的左右翼民粹主义正在同时崛起。特朗普的民粹主义可谓集美国的左右翼民粹,尤其是极右翼民粹主义之大成。民粹主义说到底是民主政治的民粹化,源于大众民主政治的内生问题。美拉民粹主义的重要差异,主要来自两个地区不同的政治文化传统和选举民主机制,以及民主体制不同性质和程度的政治衰败。美拉民粹主义左右分野的背后,实质上是公民的基本权利保障不彰所致。具体而言,是自由议程与平等议程之间的张力以及由此导致的社会主要矛盾的不同。因此,必须认真对待左右翼民粹主义,加强制度建设,提高国家治理能力,同时还应积极参与全球治理。

Main Differences and Left-Right Divisions Between Populism of the U.S.and Latin America

Populism originated and developed differently in the U.S.and Latin America.Although emerged earlier in the U.S.,populism in this country tended to occur in lower frequencies,endured in shorter period,showed poorer correlations,weaker influences and less radicalness.Recent Trump-style populism to a great extent reflects the“Latin Americanization”trend of American populism.Populism has clear divisions of the rights and the lefts between the U.S.and Latin America.Left populism has long dominated the politics of Latin America,while right populism takes prevalence in the U.S..There are also important differences for the two kinds of populism between the two regions,in terms of alliances with what types of lefts and rights,whether they seek ties with nationalism or not.The left and right populism in both the U.S.and Latin America is currently on the rise.Trump’s populism embodies all the characteristics of both right and left populism in the U.S.,especially the extreme right populism.After all,populism belonged to the results of democratic era,which stemmed from the inherent problems of popular democracy.The differences between the populism of the U.S.and Latin America can be attributed mainly to the different political and cultural traditions,electoral democratic mechanisms,as well as the political decay with different nature and extent.It is essentially the insufficient protections of citizens’fundamental rights which leads to the left-right division of populism in the U.S.and Latin America.More specifically,there are tensions between the liberal agenda and the equal agenda,and different social principal contradictions.The author concludes that,in order to take left and right populism seriously,we must strengthen institutional building and improve the capacities of national governance while playing an active role in global governance.