拉丁美洲与马克思主义的“错遇”

马克思主义建立在马克思、恩格斯以欧洲中心的经验基础之上,具有浓烈的欧洲色彩。马克思本人在1857年的文章中将拉丁美洲的“解放者”玻利瓦尔视为拿破仑三世滑稽的模仿者。马克思、恩格斯一般只在涉及欧洲问题的情况下,才会关心欧洲之外的世界。马克思、恩格斯去世之后,传承马克思主义的第二国际各社会主义政党也聚焦于欧洲自身的问题,很少关心欧洲之外的世界。但由于在殖民地问题上的立场影响到了第二国际各社会主义政党的选举,第二国际不得不讨论殖民地问题。为应对资产阶级的殖民政策,荷兰社会民主党代表提出了“社会主义殖民政策”问题。1907年第二国际第七次代表大会在德国斯图加特召开,与会代表就殖民地问题展开了激烈讨论。作为阿根廷社会党代表的曼努埃尔·乌加特参与了这次会议,随后形成的将马克思主义或社会主义与拉丁美洲民族主义结合在一起的基本思想,成为马克思主义或社会主义拉丁美洲化的开端,马克思主义或社会主义可以脱去其诞生时所具有的欧洲色彩。

Failed Encounter of Latin America with Marxism

Marxism is based on the experiences of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels,whose lives had nearly no touch with the world outside Europe.Therefore,Marxism has strong European character.In an article written in 1857,Karl Marx himself regarded Simón Bolívar,the Liberator of Latin America,as a ridiculous imitator of Napoleon III of France.Generally speaking,Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels did not care about the world outside Europe.Only on condition of strong necessity would they discuss problems of China,India or Latin America.After Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels,the Socialist Parties of II International inherited such fundamental attitude of Marxism,focusing on problems of Europe and rarely taking concern about the world outside Europe.But the standpoint on colonies strongly affected their domestic elections.To counter attack the colonist policy of the bourgeois,a delegate of Holland Socialist Democratic Party proposed the problem of socialist colonist policy.On the 7th congress of II International of 1907 held in German,fierce debates surrounding the problem of colonies broke out.As delegate of Socialist Party of Argentina,Manuel Ugarte attended this conference.After that,Manuel Ugarte proposed the union of Marxism or Socialism with Latin American nationalism or patriotism,which marks the beginning of Latin Americanization of Marxism or Socialism.Marxism could be not just European,but also Latin American.