Linking early ADHD to adolescent and early adult outcomes among African Americans |
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| Authors: | Monic P. Behnken W. Todd Abraham Carolyn E. Cutrona Daniel W. Russell Ronald L. Simons Frederick X. Gibbons |
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| Affiliation: | 1. 203C East Hall, Department of Sociology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States;2. W112 Lagomarcino Hall, Department of Psychology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States;3. 2352 Palmer, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States;4. 213A Baldwin Hall, Department of Sociology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States;5. 406 Babbidge Road, Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, United States |
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| Abstract: | PurposeThe purpose of this study is to propose a mediational model for the mechanisms through which a diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder between the ages of 10 and 12 predicts positive and negative early adult outcomes for African Americans.MethodsThe study sample (n = 211) was drawn from the Des Moines, Iowa subsample of the Family and Community Health Study. Participants were first assessed between the ages of 10 and 12, again between the ages of 12 and 18, and finally at 18 to 23.ResultsFindings indicate that a diagnosis of ADHD before age 13 indirectly predicted subsequent exclusionary school discipline and juvenile arrest in adolescence, and both arrests and educational attainment in young adulthood.ConclusionsThese findings offer support for the School to Prison Pipeline model, showing that for some African American children, a childhood diagnosis of ADHD can lead to negative school experiences that result in harsh school-based discipline, which in turn open the door to justice system involvement spanning several developmental stages. |
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