中美征收制度重要问题之比较

我国关于征地、征收问题的各种分析和讨论主要集中在以下三个方面:一是如何界定公共利益,二是补偿是否公平,三是程序是否公正。本文就上述三个方面系统比较、分析了中、美两国的征地制度,从法和经济学的角度论证了政府征收权存在的必要性,公共利益的要求及其内涵,以及对征收必须进行以"公平市场价值"为标准的公正补偿。本文认为:第一,"公共利益"应由立法机构来定义;第二,"公平市场价值"是切实可行的、兼顾了公平与效率的公正补偿标准。我国下一步的征地改革,有必要将这一补偿标准明确化;第三,在征地程序上,我们必须改进现有程序,防止征地权力过分集中且不受有效监督、民众缺乏有意义的知情权和参与权的弊病。

A Comparison of Chinese and American Taxes Collection Systems

The Chinese analyses and discussions on takings have focused on the following three aspects: how to define public interest, whether the compensation is fair, and whether the procedure is just. This article compares the Chinese and the U.S. systems of takings with a focus on these three issues. Applying a law and economics approach, the article analyzes why the government's taking power is necessary, why such power has to be limited by public interest, and why the compensation has to be based on"fair market value."Based on the theoretical and ease law analyses, the article concludes, first, the legislature is the most qualified branch of government to define public interest. Second,"fair market value"is the most practical compensation standard that satisfies both fairness and efficiency. Third, China needs to introduce fair procedure to prevent the over concentration of takings power in the executive branch, without effective checks and balances from the other branches of government and meaningful right to notice and hearing by the public.