美国跨州公民权的历史考察——以联邦宪法“特权与豁免权”条款为中心的研究

美国联邦宪法第四条中的特权与豁免权条款是各州公民跨州流动权的重要保障之一。然而,此条款的含义历来颇具争议,联邦法院的解释也是因时而变。总体来看,联邦法院对特权与豁免权条款的解释经历了三个阶段。在第一阶段,特权与豁免权被看作自由政府下的公民都必须具有的基本权利,每州公民在任何一州都能享有;在第二阶段,此条款的目的被解释为保障每州公民在外州不受歧视,确保他们能够获得所在州公民依本州法律所能享有的同样权利;在第三阶段,该条款仍被视为每州公民在外州对抗歧视性待遇的武器,但联邦最高法院同时又强调,在不破坏联邦统一性且具有实质性理由的前提下,各州可以给予外州人差别对待。受联邦最高法院解释变化的影响,特权与豁免权条款的适用在不同历史时期表现出不同的特点,每州公民进入外州后所能享受到的权利也因此经历了一个发展变化的过程。

Historical Review of Cross-State Citizenship of Americans: A Study Focusing on Privileges and Immunities Clause of the United States Constitution

The Privileges and Immunities Clause in the U.S.Constitution is a very important protection of the rights to the citizens of each state in interstate movement.However,with a controversial meaning,the Supreme Court's interpretations of this Clause vary at different times.The changes of the interpretations have generally gone through three periods:Privileges and Immunities were regarded as fundamental rights enjoyed by the citizens of all free governments; the Supreme Court identified the original purpose of ...