基层群众性自治组织法人制度三论

基层群众性自治组织法人虽在《民法典》中被定位为特别法人,但性质上应属公法人,一是其成立的主要依据是《宪法》《村民委员会组织法》《城市居民委员会组织法》;二是通过履行一系列管理职能以实现“服务于公益”这一职能目的;三是财产来源的公共性。其章程不同于营利法人和非营利法人,而实际法律化为《村民委员会组织法》《城市居民委员会组织法》,即为法律性章程,主要原因在于《村民委员会组织法》《城市居民委员会组织法》的规定已经涵盖了村(居)民委员会法人章程所需内容,实质上成了村(居)民委员会法人的章程;同时,法律性章程比一般私法人章程多了“强制力”这一执行力保障,能确保基层群众性自治组织功能的实现;而且,只有法律性章程才能解决基层群众性自治组织法人在自治过程中遇到的诸多问题,克服自治性章程的固有弊端。基层群众性自治组织法人的民事能力受其“职能”的限制,主要体现为财产支配和交换能力、侵权责任能力、劳动合同能力与监护人能力;不能以自己的名义为交易行为,也不宜被赋予破产能力,除依法代行村集体经济组织职能的村民委员会外,不能为他人提供担保。

The Three Main Issues of Legal Person System of Grassroots Autonomous Organizations

Although the legal person of the grassroots autonomous organization is conceptualized as a special legal person in the Civil Code,it is essentially a legal person of public law.Firstly,it is mainly based on the Constitution,the Organic Law of the Village Committee,and the Organic Law of the Resident Committee.Secondly,by performing a series of management functions,it is realizing the functional purpose of"serving for the public welfare".Thirdly,its property comes from public source.The regulations are different from for-profit legal persons and non-profit legal persons,and the actual laws are transformed into the Organization Law of Villagers Committees and Organization Law of Residents Committees.The reason is that the provisions of the Law on the Organization of Village Committees and Law on the Organization of Residents Committees have already covered the contents required by the legal person charter of the village(resident)committee,which has essentially become the charter of the legal person of the village(resident)committee.At the same time,the legal charter has more"compulsory power"than the general private legal person charter,which can ensure the realization of the function of the grassroots autonomous organization;moreover,only the legal charter can solve the problem of the autonomous process of the grassroots autonomous organization legal person,and then overcome the inherent disadvantages of autonomous regulations.The civil capacity of the legal person of the grassroots autonomous organization must be restricted by its"function",which is mainly reflected in the ability of property control and exchange,the capacity of tort liability,the capacity of the labor contract,and the capacity of guardian’s capacity.They cannot conduct transactions in their name,nor should they be granted bankruptcy capacity.They cannot provide guarantees to others except for the villagers’committee that acts as a village collective economic organization following the law.