明清州县的狱具及凌虐罪囚

明清州县存在正规和非正规的监狱，虽然都纳入正规管理的范畴，但在设置、设施、管理等方面存在一定差异。明清王朝对狱具的种类、材质、形制、适用条件、使用方法都有规定。狱具可分为合法狱具和非法狱具，非法狱具是禁止使用的，但是统治者非但无法杜绝非法狱具的使用，而且还在条例中增加新狱具，使非法狱具合法化。合法狱具也存在许多不合法使用的现象，甚至还有新的发明创造，千方百计地凌虐罪囚，使狱囚身心受到严重摧残，即使惨死狱中也无处伸冤。

On Torture Instruments and Maltreatment to Prisoners in Towns and Counties of Ming and Qing Dynasties

In towns and counties of Ming and Qing Dynasties, both official and non-official prisons were integrated into standardized management though with differences in establishment, facility and management. There were regulations on torture instruments with types, material, shape, applicable conditions and usages from the government. Besides, the torture instruments were divided into legal and illegal ones and the latter was prohibited. However, the dictators chose to add new torture instruments to legitimate the...