契约、意思主义、卖买——试论清末时期的物权契约观念

清末时期，日本民法学逐步被引入中国。日本民法学在契约定义上，采用广义契约学说；在物权移转主义上，采用意思主义学说。这为物权契约观念的生成提供了前提和基础。“物权之契约”和“债权契约”用语相继被使用。至民国初年，大理院则通过判例，对物权契约进行了定义，并界定了物权契约的有效成立要件。但清末时期的物权契约观念与德国民法学理论中的物权契约（物权行为）有着本质区别。

Contract, Intentionalism and Dealings——On the Concept of Real Right Contract in the Late Qing Dynasty

In the late Qing Dynasty, Japanese Civic Law Study was gradually introduced to China. In terms of the definition of contract, the Japanese Civic Law adopts the broad contract theory. As for the transfer of real rights, the intentionalism theory is used, which provides the prerequisite and foundation for the development of real rights concept. Terms like ＂Real Right Contract＂ and ＂Creditor＇s Contraet＂ were used successively. By the early period of the Republic of China, Da Liyuan （the Supreme Court） defined Real Right Contracts and the key factors to forming an effective Real Right Contract with cases. However, the concept of Real Right Contract in the late Qing Dynasty differs in nature from the Real Right Contract （Real Right Behavior） in German Civie Law Study theories.