对目的理性支配下的承运人责任基础立法的批判

国际海上货物运输承运人责任基础规则并非完全来自于实然,来自于基于效益的目的理性,若根本不以正义为目的,未经法律价值评价,纯粹基于效用与发展国际航运经济的目的理性,不可能得到一个国际航运秩序的"应然"法律规范,亦即表达一项"应然"的航运法律概念。而纯粹脱离国际航运实践效用目的,仅依凭法律价值的"应然"本身,亦不可能创造出能够有效调整国际航运实践的法律秩序。只有在价值与航运事实目的,应然与实然,彼此相互对应,且把基于效用的目的理性的构成同确保基于正义的价值理性的实现两方面协调起来,才能产生真正实际有效的和相对符合正义的国际海上货物承运人责任基础法律。

Criticizing Laws of Liabilities of Carriers Centering on Special Purposes

Rules of liabilities of carriers in international carriage by sea are not only based on "to-be," but also on benefit purpose. Where no justice is taken as an aim or no assessment is made with legal values, it is impossible to reach a "should-be" legal norm to maintain international shipping order: a norm that is equal to a shipping legal concept expressing the "should be" rules. However, only with the "should-be" norm based on legal values but without practical benefit purpose, still no legal order can be brought out that may effectively regulate international carriage. Thus, only coordinating rational legal justice value and practical benefit purpose and combining "should-be" and "to-be," can we find a real and effective legal foundation for the liabilities of the carries in international carriage by sea.