Simple analysis of arylamide herbicides in serum using headspace-solid phase microextraction and GC/MS |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, National Board of Forensic Medicine, Linköping, Sweden;2. Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden;3. Department of Surgical Sciences/Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden;4. Department of Forensic Medicine, National Board of Forensic Medicine, Uppsala, Sweden;5. Department of Surgical Sciences/Forensic Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden;6. Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Drug Research, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden;1. University of Technology Sydney, Centre for Forensic Science, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia;2. University of New South Wales, School of Chemical Engineering and Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia;3. Western Sydney University, School of Science & Health, Hawkesbury Campus, Richmond, NSW 2753, Australia;1. Analytical Biochemistry Research Centre (ABrC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia;2. Academy of Occupational and Environmental Medicine Malaysia (AOEMM), Room No. 11, 5th floor, Bangunan MMA, 124 Jalan Pahang, 53000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;3. Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;1. South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka;2. Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka;3. Pharmacology, Biomedical Informatics and Digital Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia;4. Centre for Pesticide Suicide Prevention, and Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK;5. Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia;6. Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia |
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| Abstract: | A simple and sensitive method for analysis of four arylamide herbicides (butachlor, propanil, diphenamide and propyzamide) in serum was developed using a headspace–solid phase microextraction (SPME) and a gas chromatograph–mass spectrometer (GC–MS). A vial containing a serum sample and sodium chloride was heated at 90°C. The extraction fiber of the SPME was exposed for 45 min in the headspace of the vial. The compounds adsorbed on the fiber were desorbed by exposing the fiber in the injection port of the GC–MS. The calibration curves, using an internal standard method, demonstrated good linearity throughout the concentration range from 0.25 to 10.0 μg/ml. Propyzamide was used for an internal standard. The limit of detection was 0.10, 0.05, and 0.25 μg/ml for butachlor, diphenamide, and propanil, respectively. No interferences were found, and the time for analysis was 60 min for one sample. In addition, this proposed method was applied to a suicide case in which the patient ingested Kusanon A®, a herbicide. Propanil, which was the main ingredient in the herbicide, was detected in the eight serum samples collected from the patient during the hospitalization at the concentration range from 26.7 to 1.1 μg/ml. |
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