宅基地制度改革与民法典物权编编纂——兼评《民法典物权编(草案二次审议稿)》

宅基地制度改革旨在保障宅基地用益物权的基础上,激活宅基地的财产价值。为反映试点改革成果,民法典物权编应在宅基地使用权的定义性法条中增加收益权能,同时,为坚守宅基地居住保障功能,并使宅基地"三权分置"改革得以顺利开展,还应明确宅基地使用权的身份属性。宅基地使用权虽因审批而设立,但仍应强调登记对于宅基地使用权物权变动的法律意义,以为宅基地使用权的流转和抵押提供技术前提。基于宅基地确权颁证尚未做到全覆盖的现状,宅基地使用权的物权变动宜采登记对抗主义。宅基地使用权应具有融资担保能力,宅基地使用权抵押权的实现一般应采取收益执行的方法,以农民住房财产权的收益清偿债务。

Trial Reform Policy of Rural Homestead System and Codification of Part of Real Rights of Civil Code:Comments on Part of Real Rights of Civil Code (the Second Draft)

The trial reform of homestead system aims to activate the property value of homestead on the basis of ensuring the usufructuary right of homestead.In order to reflect the results of the trial reform,the right to earnings should be added to the definition of the rural homestead usufructuary right in Part of Real Rights of Civil Code.Meanwhile,in order to stick to the residential security function of the homestead and make the reform of " Three-Right Separation" of homestead carry out smoothly,the identity attribute of the rural homestead usufructuary right should also be clarified.Although the rural homestead usufructuary right is established through examination and approval,the legal significance of registration for the transfer of the real right for the rural homestead usufructuary right should still be emphasized,so as to provide the technical premise for the circulation and mortgage of the rural homestead usufructuary right.Based on the current situation that the confirmation and certification of homestead has not achieved full coverage,the transfer of real right for the rural homestead usufructuary right should adopt registration antagonism.The rural homestead usufructuary right should have the ability of financing guarantee.The realization of the mortgage right on the rural homestead usufructuary right should generally adopt the method of income execution to pay off the debt with the income of the farmer’s housing property right.