论民事权益位阶:以《民法典》为中心

我国《民法典》虽然已经构建了完善的民事权益体系,并已在相关条款中就权益位阶作出了规定,但并没有全面确立清晰的权益位阶。在普遍存在的权益冲突中,不同权益的价值分量并非等同,在这一背景下,建立妥善的权益位阶理论,有助于防范化解冲突,有效贯彻立法者的价值判断,并辅助裁判者进行准确的利益衡量。通过对《民法典》民事权益体系的解释,可以对民事权益的位阶进行如下排序:物质性人格权、精神性人格权、身份权、人格利益、财产权利、财产利益。民事权益位阶在司法适用中并不是机械地排序取舍,而应结合个案场景妥当地进行利益衡量。民事权益位阶主要涉及高位阶权益的优先保护、低位阶权益的妥协容忍、民事责任的限制和排除、合同的解除以及对利益受损者的适当补偿等效果。

On the Rank of Civil Rights and Interests: With the Civil Code as the Centre

Although the Civil Code of China has built a complete system of civil rights and interests and has made provisions on the rank of rights and interests in relevant articles,it has not fully established a clear rank of rights and interests.In the common conflicts of rights and interests,the value of different rights and interests is not equal.In this context,the establishment of a proper theory of rights and interests rank is conducive to preventing and resolving conflicts,effectively implementing the value judgment of legislators,and assisting judges to accurately measure interests.Through the interpretation of the civil rights and interests system of the Civil Code,the civil rights and interests can be ranked as follows:material personality rights,spiritual personality rights,relation-based rights,personality interests,proprietary rights,and proprietary interests.The rank of civil rights and interests is not a mechanical ranking of trade-offs in the judicial application,but should be properly measured in combination with individual cases.The rank of civil rights and interests mainly involves the priority protection of the rights and interests of higher rank,the compromise and tolerance of the rights and interests of lower rank,the limitation and exclusion of civil liability,the termination of the contract,and the appropriate compensation for the interests of the damaged party.