生育与养育 ：女性农民工子女随迁的工资惩罚——基于核心家庭样本的分析

在农民工群体规模不断增长且家庭化迁移趋势日益凸显的背景下，妥善解决子女随迁带来的系列问题愈发重要。本研究聚焦子女随迁造成的女性农民工工资收入降低问题，基于母职工资惩罚理论，将女性农民工群体承担母职角色造成的工资惩罚分为生育惩罚与养育惩罚，利用2018年流动人口动态监测数据进行检验。研究发现：生育惩罚会降低女性农民工工资的2.4%，养育惩罚会显著降低女性农民工工资收入的11.0%；在一孩家庭中，幼儿园年龄段的子女随迁对新生代受教育程度较低的女性农民工造成的养育惩罚最为严重；在二孩家庭中，婴幼儿年龄段的子女随迁对新生代受过高等教育的女性农民工造成的养育惩罚最为严重，且二孩家庭婴幼儿年龄段的子女随迁对工资造成的负向影响是独生子女家庭同年龄段子女随迁的4倍多。研究建议，要加强二孩家庭的托育服务供给，如提供在农民工家庭支付能力内的日间照料、托管、家政等服务，进一步释放流动人口带来的劳动力资源，促进劳动力市场的性别平等。

Fertility and Parenting: Wage Penalties of Children''s Migration of Female Migrant Workers —— A Study based on the Core Family Sample

In the context of the increasing number of migrant workers and the growing trend of family-based migration, it becomes increasingly important to properly solve a series of problems brought about by their children''s migration. Focusing on the wage reduction issue faced by female migrant workers due to their children''s migration, this study, based on the motherhood wage penalty theory and, using the 2018 China Migrants Dynamic Survey data, divides the wage penalty of female migrant workers taking care of children into fertility and parenting penalties, and fi nds that fertility penalties reduce the wages of female migrant workers by 2.4%, while parenting penalties signifi cantly decrease their income by 11.0%. In single-child families, the parenting penalty caused by the migration of kindergarten-aged children is the most severe for new-generation female migrant workers with lower education levels. In two-child families, the parenting penalty caused by the migration of infants and toddlers is the most severe for them with higher education levels and is more than four times that caused by migration of peers in single-child families in the same age group. It is recommended in the study that supply of childcare services for two-child families, such as providing affordable day care, care, and household services within the payment ability of migrant workers'' families, be strengthened to further unleash labor resources brought by migration and promote gender equality in the labor market.