美国控制官僚的实践及其启示

民选政治家对常任官僚的有效控制是民主政治体制的一个重要问题,是实现责任政府的内在要求。美国联邦官僚制度深受根深蒂固的不信任政府和企业至上的政治文化的影响,在分权制衡的宪政框架下,发展了基于预算、程序、绩效、人事和伦理的多元官僚控制系统,全面约束常任官僚的行为。美国控制官僚的实践折射出积极的权力控制观,也反映了权力控制内在的张力,并在权力结构转型、内外控制要素相辅相成以及具体的控制理念和机制方面对中国责任政府建设具有积极的借鉴意义。

On Controlling the Bureaucracy of America and its Enlightenment

The political control of the bureaucracy is one of the very important problems of the democratic political institutions,as well as an inherent demand to the development of the responsible government.Under the principle of restriction by divided power in the American Constitution,America has developed five key mechanisms of executive control in federal government: budget,procedural,performance,appointment and ethics.The federal government is well controlled.The practice in America is deeply influenced by the political culture of the distrust of the government and market-oriented,reflecting the positive notion of political control and the inner tension.The practices and experiences of America are of certain reference value for China to develop the responsible government,such as the transformation of power structure,the balance of the subjective and objective factors and some concrete methods.