美国刑事诉讼中的“排除合理怀疑”

美国刑事案件的证明标准是排除合理怀疑。该标准现在是一个被广泛接受的标准，但该标准源于何时，理解上存在一定的争议。该标准在美国刑事诉讼中处于什么样的地位，不同的人观点并非完全一致。法官是否应当在给陪审团的指示中明确该标准的定义，不同的学者理解上有分歧，法院间的做法也有差异。在定义该标准时，有三种方式。对于“合理怀疑”的解读通常采用同义词“道德确信”加解释。对于是否应当量化排除合理怀疑标准，法律界也有不同的意见和方式。

On Beyond Reasonable Doubts in US Criminal Proceedings

The standard of proof in criminal proceedings in the US is beyond reasonable doubts.The standard is broad- ly accepted today,however,there is much controversial over its origin.There are also some arguments about in what posi- tion the standard in criminal proceedings in the US is.Scholars hold different opinion about whether judges may direct the jury about the definition of the standard,there are different practices among the courts.There are three modes in defining the standard.While interpreting the standard,moral certainty is usually used.As to whether the standard shall be quanti- fied,there are controversial opinions and methods in law field.