冷战时期美国对东南亚的文化外交

二战结束后,随着冷战的逐步展开,美国政府通过对文化外交行政主管机构的整合、国会的一系列立法,与苏联为首的社会主义阵营展开了"文化冷战".冷战时期,美国在东南亚开展的文化外交主要有三种表现形式,即以富布赖特项目为代表的教育交流外交、以图书馆建设和图书翻译及传播为特征的图书外交,以及文艺表演外交.美国在东南亚地区开展的文化外交活动促使该地区部分国家的国民(尤其是社会精英阶层)了解并接受了美国的思想文化和价值观念,培养了一批具有社会影响力的"亲美"人士,进而推动了美国在东南亚地区的文化渗透.另一方面,美国的文化外交在某些情况下也给东南亚国家的统治阶层带来了一些麻烦,同时也引起了企图延缓东南亚非殖民化、希望继续控制东南亚地区的英国、法国等老牌殖民地宗主国的反感.此外,美国文化外交的扩张主义本质,以及美国在该地区的政治、军事行动与其在文化外交项目中标榜的国家形象显著冲突,也使得美国文化外交影响力的发挥大打折扣.

An Analysis of U.S.Cultural Diplomacy towards Southeast Asia in the Cold War

With the gradual development of the Cold War,through the integration of the administrative agencies in charge of cultural diplomacy,a series of legislative support from the Congress,and the deep understanding of the importance of Southeast Asia’s geo-strategic position based on the“falling domino”principle,the“Cultural Cold War”emerged in Southeast Asia.During the Cold War,the cultural diplomacy carried out by the United States in Southeast Asia mainly included three representative programs:educational exchange diplomacy represented by Fulbright program,book diplomacy characterized by library construction and book translation and dissemination,and art performance diplomacy carried out by American performing artists willing to cooperate with the U.S.government.The cultural diplomacy activities carried out by the United States in Southeast Asia made some citizens(especially the social elites)of the countries in the region understand and accept the American ideology,culture and values,and cultivate a group of“pro-U.S.”people with social influence,which helped the United States to infiltrate and control the regional affairs of Southeast Asia and contain the spread of communism in Southeast Asia.But in some cases,U.S.cultural diplomacy towards Southeast Asia also had a negative impact on the local ruling class.