论宪法实施的统一技术方案——以德国、美国为分析样本

宪法规范原则性强、技术含量高,宪法问题非传统法律分析法所能解决。当今宪法实施存在两大技术方案:德国公式与美国公式。虽然两大公式均具有一定的操作性、规范性,但也存在审查原则不完备、审查基准不周延、审查结果不确定等缺陷,因此有必要在整合德国公式与美国公式的基础上,创立一个全新的统一公式。该公式的基本内涵为:(1)针对自由权、社会权与平等权,建构一个解决宪法问题的二元技术路径,亦即自由权、社会权的保障路线图与平等权的保障路线图。(2)自由权、社会权的保障路线图为三步骤分析法:权利保障范围的厘清;基本权利侵害的确认;违宪阻却事由的分析。(3)平等权的保障路线图为两步骤分析法:差别待遇的厘清;差别待遇的合宪性检验。(4)在美国的三重审查基准、德国的三层级审查密度的基础上,创立一个更具有周延性的五重审查基准,亦即明显性审查基准、合理性审查基准、中度审查基准、严格审查基准及绝对审查基准。

On the General Technical Plan of Constitutional Application

Constitutional norms have the features of strong principality and technicality,so the traditional legal analytic method cannot solve constitutional problems.In practice,although American and German formula have certain practicality and normality,they still have such following shortcomings:incompleteness of constitutional reviewing principle,unexpanding of reviewing standards;indefiniteness of reviewing result.Therefore,it is necessary to establish a new unified formulu,in the base of German and American formula.The basic context of this formulu is:(1)To build a dual technological route to solve constitutional problems relating to freedom rights,social rights and equal rights,that is to say,to build the route to protect freedom rights,social rights as well as equal rights;(2)the route to protect freedom rights and social rights is a three-step analytical method :the clarification of protective range of freedom and social rights? affirmation of encroaches of fundamental rights?analysis of unconstitutional incidents;(3)The route to guarantee equal rights is a two-step analytic method :clarification of differential treatment? the constitutional test of differential treatment;(4)in the base of three-tier reviewing standards of America,three-tier standards of reviewing density of Germany,creating a five-tier reviewing test standards:obvious test,rational test,immediate test,strict test,absolute test.