习惯国际人道法规则确立方法探析——兼评红十字国际委员会之《习惯国际人道法》

习惯国际人道法规则的确立,既要遵循国际习惯法的一般原理,又要顾及国际人道法的自身特点。国际性与非国际性武装冲突的区分,在当前历史条件下仍是确立习惯国际人道法规则的前提;在证明国家实践的一致性时应首先确保作为证据的实践属"官方实践";"法律确信"的证明对一些禁止性规则的确立甚为重要;而条约作为国际人道法的另一主要渊源,在习惯国际人道法规则确立中起着重要的证据作用。红十字国际委员会《习惯国际人道法》确立规则的方法,既有可取之处,又存在疏漏,对其分析有助于我们的进一步研究。

On the Method of Rulemaking of Customary International Humanitarian Law: With Comments on the ICRC's Customary International Humanitarian Law

To make rules of customary international humanitarian law, we not only have to comply with the general principles of customary international law, but also have to consider the characteristics of international humanitarian law itself. At present, the distinction between international and non-international armed conflicts is still the precondition to establish rules of customary international humanitarian law. To ascertain the consistency of states practice, we should make sure the given state practices belong to ＂official practice＂. The identification of states＇ opinio juris is very important to the establishment of certain prohibitive regulation. As the other main sources of international humanitarian law, treaties are important evidence to the establishment of customary international humanitarian rules. There are both advantages and inaccuracies in ICRC＇ s solutions to these problems in its Customary International Humanitarian Law. Analyzing the advantages and inaccuracies will help us have a further study.