妇女和发展的范式:全球性与地方性的实践张力——基于中国和坦桑尼亚实践的反思

妇女和发展的范式是西方女性主义与发展主义在建构和实践中结合而形成的,是针对发展中国家在发展中赋权的理论体系和实践框架。这一范式本身对于充分发挥妇女的能动性、提升妇女的地位有着积极的意义,但由于其在本质上存在着西方女性主义思潮和发展主义的建构性,虽然针对了发展中国家妇女的现实,但在不同的发展社会文化语境下依然出现了一系列实践困境。在中国和非洲坦桑尼亚的实践显示了这一框架与当地社会文化可能产生的不适应性。在中国,应用妇女和发展范式的干预在技术层面出现了不适应性,在结果上出现了"机会和福利异化"的现象;而在坦桑尼亚推广非国际主流妇女和发展范式的中国玉米密植增产项目,却使当地妇女提升了收入,产生了"逆向赋权"现象。这都显示出妇女和发展范式遭遇到发展中国家性别社会关系的复杂性景观。

Women and Development:Tensions between a Global Paradigm and Local Practices--Reflections on Interventions in China and Tanzania

The women and development paradigm grew from a combination of feminism and developmentalism and has served as a theoretical framework and a practical system widely used in the developing world to advance development and empowerment.The paradigm itself is conducive to promoting agency and the status of women.However,due to its foundation in Western feminism and developmentalism,it has increasingly encountered dilemmas in its attempts to address the"problems"of the developing countries in their varied cultural and social contexts.The practices of this global paradigm in China and Tanzania imply its inadaptability to the local culture.A women and development paradigm-guided intervention in China resulted in the"alienation of opportunity and welfare"while the Chinese interventions in Tanzania that was designed based on China’s common practice without a gender-sensitive dimension led to a growth of harvest but a"reversed outcome on empowerment of women".These cases indicate that the women and development paradigm has had difficulties to cope with the complexity of the gendered social relations in the developing countries.