有限责任的扩张与限制——以有限责任向中小企业的扩张为视角

自1892年起,伴随中小企业投资者适用有限责任的强烈要求,有限责任开始向中小企业扩张:从适用于有限责任公司到一人公司,后突破法人和公司框架,再扩张到合伙企业。有限责任的扩张本质是社会经济发展的需要,在法理上,责任形态契约观、民主平等理论等也为其扩张提供了理论支撑。在有限责任积极向中小企业扩张的同时,基于中小企业信用客观较低、侵权责任属于民事责任、责任形态契约观对侵权之债不适用以及侵权法保护存在局限等原因,应当对有限责任进行一定的限制,即限制中小企业中有限责任对侵权责任的适用。

Extension and Constraint of Liability Limited: In the Perspective of Extension of Liability Limited to Small and Medium-sized Enterprises

From 1892,at the urgent request of the investors of small and medium-sided enterprises,liability limited began to apply from companies limited to one-man companies,then breaking through the constraint of corporation and company,to partnerships.In essence,the extension of liability limited intends to satisfy the demand of social and economic development.From the angle of jurisprudence,contractual liability and theories of democracy and justice also afford theoretical support for the extension.However,the extension of liability limited should,to some extend,be constrained,particularly to small and medium-sized enterprises from applying liability limited to tortious liabilities for reasons that their credit is comparatively lower,tortuous liability falls within the scope of civil liability,and contractual liability is unfit for liability of tort,and protection in tort law is insufficient.