路径、策略与制度优势--新中国减贫历程的回顾与前瞻

改革开放前30年中国在减贫方面的成就必须重新认识并充分肯定。在整体经济社会发展极其落后的基础上,国家建立了不同类型的救助制度和扶贫举措,农村人口的收入和消费水平都有相应提升;农村基础设施与农田水利建设和社会事业的发展,极大地降低了前30年的社会贫困,并为后40年农村地区的经济腾飞创造了良好基础。改革开放后,制度优势进一步凸显,以救助式扶贫开始,逐渐过渡到精准扶贫,绝对贫困人口从期初的7亿多人(国际标准)减至目前的1600多万人,脱贫人口总量对全球减贫的贡献率高达73%。新中国减贫事业的巨大成就,与自身的制度优势密不可分。后小康社会,应全面总结新中国70年的治贫成就和经验教训,对标国际扶贫标准,重点关注最脆弱人群(包括城市贫困人群),真正实现“共同富裕”。

Path,Strategy and Institutional Advantage--Retrospect and Prospect of Poverty Alleviation in New China

The achievement of poverty alleviation in the first 30 years since the founding of P.R.China before the reform and open-up policy was adopted should be fully recognized and highly praised.It established social security system and relief system in various forms,and increased the income and expenditure of peasants when China's overall socioeconomic development was extremely backward.While the number of people living in absolute poverty remains high,the construction of rural infrastructure and hydraulic system,and development of social enterprises in these 30 years not only greatly reduced social poverty,but also laid a solid foundation for rapid poverty reduction in rural area in the next 40 years.China has achieved rapid progress in poverty alleviation since 1978.With only 16 million people living in absolute poverty in 2018,China contributes over 70 percent to the New Millennium Goal in poverty reduction.Relevant work in post-2020 era should benchmark China's poverty line with international poverty line,pay attention to multiple indicators of poverty,improve the quality of poverty alleviation,and target the most vulnerable groups,such as the urban poor,to achieve“shared prosperity”.