“悬灋象魏”考辨——兼论“铸刑书”与“铸刑鼎”问题

《周礼》中的“悬灋象魏”是统治者公布治理国家的一些制度性安排,一些学者从“成文法”的角度,认为春秋时期“郑铸刑书、晋铸刑鼎”是中国最早公布成文法之举措,从而怀疑其为晚出或是理想中的制度。其实,从史籍记载分析可知悬象之制由来已久,只不过《周礼》烦琐地描述很大程度上确实带有理想成分,这也反映了作者希望法令公布,并由官府进行宣传解释,以便让百姓知法守法的愿望和要求。事实上,“象魏之灋”也是由国家机关按一定程序编纂颁布的规范性文件,并且朝廷在悬法象魏之后,有关部门的长官还要率领属员前往认真观读,说明也是公布了的成文法。因此,“象魏之灋”以及“铸刑鼎”、“铸刑书”这种使法律条文化、固定化的行为,不仅保留了政府对刑法的最高解释权即只有统治者所颁布的成文法条才是真正的法律,还确立了君主任意定罪处刑的特权,从而使法律与君主的罪刑擅断权达到和谐统一。

A Differentiate and Analyse About the Law Publicized on the Xiangwei and the Problem of Xingshu and Xingding

The law Publicized on the Xiangwei of Rites of Zhou was the plans that the archon supervised the body politic.However,some scholars considered the Xingshu and Xingding in the Spring and Autumn Period were the earliest statute law publicized in Ancient China,therefore,they doubted Rites of Zhou was the unearthly system.Actually,this system already existed before the Spring and Autumn Period,Rites of Zhou comprised many perfect component in faith,which reflected the auctorial desirability that hoped the decrees were publicized and explain by government for the sake of common people knowing the law.In fact,the law of the Xiangwei were the standardization document compiled and publicized by national framework according to the definite procedure,besides,the chancellors of some correlative departments all together the followers earnestly study which made out it was the statute law publicized.This action not only caused the government provided with the power of the final jurisdictional explain but also established the emperor mastered the franchise of arbitrary penalize,which the law with the absolute monarchy achieved the intent of harmonious and unification.