美国《2018年出口管制法》评析与启示

美国《2018年出口管制法》在术语定义和政策声明、出口管制的权限和管理、许可证、确定和控制"新兴和基础技术"出口的要求、涉及与美国全面禁运的国家有关的审查、惩罚和强制执行等方面作出了许多新规定。该法使美国出口管制体系走向法典化、系统化和多边化,建立跨部门许可审查机制,确立"合规协助"条款,扩大了"新兴和基础技术"这一出口管制范围,并扩张出口管制域外管辖权,同时加强了惩罚和执行力度。我国应注重"新兴与基础技术"的管制,完善出口管制系列清单,扩大出口管制管理机构的执法权限,为出口经营者出口合规提供具体指导,严格执行阻断法,推进双边与多边出口管制标准的设立以应对该法的实施。

Analysis and Enlightenment of U.S. Export Control Act of 2018

The U.S. Export Control Act of 2018 has made many new provisions in terms of definition and statement of policy, authority and management of export control, licensing, requirements to identify and control the export of “emerging and foundational technologies”, review relating to countries subject to comprehensive United States arms embargo, penalties and enforcement. The law makes the U.S. export control system codified, systematized and multilateral, establishes a cross-sectoral licensing review mechanism, establishes “compliance assistance” article, and expands the scope of export control by adding “emerging and basic technologies”, expands export control extraterritorial jurisdiction, as well as strengthens penalties and enforcement. China should pay attention to the control of “emerging and basic technologies”, improve the list of export control series, expand the law enforcement authority of the export control administrative bodies, provide specific guidance on export compliance for export operators, strictly enforce the blocking statute, promote the establishment of bilateral and multilateral export control standards, and strictly enforce the blocking law to deal with the implementation of the law.