哈萨克斯坦石油精英及其对能源政策的影响

哈萨克斯坦是一个经济结构严重受制于能源经济和依靠石油寻租的油气生产国。国有大型油气公司的高级主管对该国的能源政策具有举足轻重的作用。石油精英通过与政治精英建立非正式的关系网络,不仅影响本国能源部门的发展,而且还介入政治决策和政治制度。而哈萨克斯坦普遍存在着制度的不透明性、法律的不确定性和总统决定的随意性,助长并养成了非正式政治体制的固化,加强了威权主义的趋势,并进一步鼓励寻租和腐败行为的延续。

Elites in Energy Sector of Kazakhstan and Their Influences on Energy Policies

The Republic of Kazakhstan is a rent-seeking state heavily dependent on petroleum producing and exporting, whose economic structure has been profoundly shaped by the energy sector. Representatives of national large oil and gas firms play a vital role in Kazakhstan’s energy policies. Informal political relations have been created between national oil and political elites, through which the national oil elites are able to influence the development of its energy sector, the decision of political policies and process of national political system as well. However, what prevails in Kazakhstan politics is the opacity of institution, the uncertainty of legislation and the arbitrariness of president’s decisions, which helps to cause and consolidate the informal political system, strengthening the trend of authoritarianism, and further encourages the existing behaviors, such as rent-seeking and corruption.