美国网络色情言论管制的“空间”标准——从ACLU案到ALA案

在网络色情言论管制中，美国司法机关通过案例建立起“空间”标准，以及对“空间”标准的审查基准。“空间”标准是指在网络色情信息和成年人之间形成封闭空间，避免未成年人轻易接触网络色情信息。“空间”标准的建立，是保障特定人群免遭色情言论污染的一个重要运用。网络的虚拟性和开放性决定了这一封闭空间很难做到完美，而有可能侵害非色情信息发布者的言论自由。ACLU案和ALA案是美国最高法院建立和完善“空间”标准的两个里程碑式的案例。经过案例的积累和发展，美国最高法院逐渐形成了立体化的“空间”标准。为保障未成年人免遭色情言论侵扰提供了法制上的保障，也缓解了网络色情言论管制与言论自由之间的张力。

The U.S. "Space" Standard of Internet Erotic Speech——From ACLU Case to ALA Case

In the governance of Internet erotic speech, the U.S. judiciary has established the standard of "Space" and the examination criterion of "Space" through cases. The "Space" criterion refers to the enclosed space between the Internet erotic information and the adults, avoiding easy access to the Internet erotic information of the minors. The establishment of "Space" standard is an important manner to isolate specific groups from the erotic speech. The fictitious and open attribute of the Internet has made it difficult to perfect this enclosed space, in the meanwhile, intruding the right of non-erotic speech publishers. The ACLU and ALA are the milestone cases decided by the U.S. Supreme Court, establishing and consummating the "Space" standard. Through the accumulation and development of judicial case, the U.S. Supreme Court has set up a tri-dimensional "Space" standard that has provided legal protection for minors keeping them away from Internet erotic speech and has relieved the tension between the Internet erotic speech and the right to freedom.