Gender quotas and placement mandates in open and closed lists: Similar effects,different mechanisms |
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| Affiliation: | 1. ISCTE - IUL (Lisbon University Institute), Department of Political Science & Public Policies and Centre for Research and Studies in Sociology (CIES-IUL), Avenida das Forças Armadas, 1649-026 Lisbon, Portugal;2. Institute of Social Sciences, University of Lisbon (ICS-ULisbon) and Portuguese Institute of International Relations, New University of Lisbon (IPRI-NOVA), ICS-ULisbon, Avenida Professor Aníbal Bettencourt 9, 1600-189 Lisbon, Portugal;1. Louisiana State University, USA;2. University of Denver, USA;3. University of Tsukuba, Japan |
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| Abstract: | In this paper, we argue that placement mandates, that is, regulations for gender ordering in party lists, enhance gender quotas' effectiveness in proportional representation electoral systems, independently of list type. In closed-list systems, placement mandates increase women's representation automatically as a result of the electoral rules, and, for this reason, we call this effect mechanical. In open-list systems, the effect is also strong due to systematic patterns of electoral behavior. We call this effect psychological. In order to demonstrate this, we analyze 140 Latin American legislative elections carried out between 1990 and 2018. Then, we compare the two most similar cases of open-list systems with different rules for placement mandates to illustrate the occurrence of the psychological effect. This is the first article to argue that placement mandates have similar effects in both kinds of lists as a function of distinct mechanisms. |
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| Keywords: | Gender quotas Placement mandate Latin America Women's representation |
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