“不得”的逻辑——“规范性下降”命题的规范分析

法律用语中的规范词“不得”有其自身的逻辑。从“不得”出发，探究禁止性法律规范的内在结构，可以展现法律秩序的运作逻辑，揭示出隐藏在人类法律秩序变迁中规范性下降的历史规律。如果把秩序的实效与秩序的效力之间对比视为一个系数，那么这个系数在历史进程中是呈下降曲线的。早期法律制度的主要规范是禁止性规范，因此，与古代社会的理想追求相伴的是残酷的刑罚；而现代社会中，禁止性规范退居次席，权利和义务成为核心的规范纽带，与古代将违规者清除的制裁相比，现代法律秩序的规范性大大降低。这是历史进步的代价，也是历史发展的必然。

Title Logic behind "shall not"--A Normative Analysis of "Normatity Decline"

In the legal language, normative words ＂may not/shall not ＂ have their inner logic. With the method of normative analysis, taking prohibitive words ＂may not/shall not＂ as a cut-in point, the author explores the inner structure of prohibitive norms and the operating mechanism to illustrate legal order and thus reveals that the normative decline of the legal system is an inevitable historical trend. If we take the ratio between the practical result and the effect of legal order as a variable, this variable is continuously degressive in the history. Since prohibitive norms were the main norms of early legal system, it is no surprise that the Utopia was always accompanied with cruel punishments. In the modern legal system, rights and obligations take the place of prohibitive norms and become the key normative tie. Compared with early banishment, the normativity of modern legal system has declined greatly, which is an inevitable price of historical progress.