Ghosting phenomenon in static and dynamic footprints in India and the United States |
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| Affiliation: | 1. University of Texas Southwestern, 1801 Inwood Rd, Dallas, TX 75390-9132, USA;2. Friendly Foot Care, PC, 50 W. 94th Place, Crown Point, IN, USA;3. Former Research Scholar, Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, 160014, Chandigarh, India;4. Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Medical College Building, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342005, India;5. Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India;1. Centre for Forensic Science, Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Ellison Building, NE1 8ST Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom;2. Northumbria Sport, Northumbria University, NE1 8ST Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom;3. King’s Forensics, Department of Analytical, Environmental & Forensic Sciences, King’s College London, SE1 9NH London, United Kingdom;1. Hacettepe University, Institute of Sciences, Division of Forensic Science, Ankara, Turkiye;2. Hacettepe University, Department of Chemistry, Ankara, Turkiye;3. Üsküdar University, Forensic Science Department, Istanbul, Turkiye;1. Institute of Law, Psychiatry, and Public Policy, University of Virginia, United States;2. Houston Forensic Science Center, United States;1. Institute of Law, Psychiatry, and Public Policy, University of Virginia, United States;2. Houston Forensic Science Center, United States;3. Carnegie Mellon University, United States |
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| Abstract: | Ghosting is the phenomenon that exists when a footprint has a lighter area around the tip of one or more toes or a shadow-like area at the back of the heel. To date, ghosting has been considered primarily a finding of dynamic (walking) footprints, rather than static (standing) footprints. The prevalence of ghosting in static footprints is unknown, and research on its presence in static and dynamic footprints from the same participant is sparse, as are studies on its occurrence in different geographic populations. This study is among the first to evaluate the occurrence of ghosting in the static and dynamic footprints from a particular individual with participants in two geographic populations.A combination of both inkless and ink footprint collection systems were used to obtain a total of 206 bare footprints from 103 adult participants from the United States and India. The data comprised 103 static and 103 dynamic footprints.Ghosting occurred significantly in static footprints, though less frequently than in dynamic footprints. Ghosting in static footprints was seen most often at the first toe, followed by the third and second respectively. This aspect appeared least at the heel. In dynamic footprints, it occurred most at the first toe, followed by the second and fourth toes, and then the third toe and the heel. The prevalence of ghosting in footprints from the United States and India differed in their locations, notably at the first and second toes in the static footprints and at the heel in the dynamic footprints. |
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| Keywords: | Forensics Forensic Podiatry Crime scene investigation Ghosting Dynamic footprints Static footprints |
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