教科文组织104程序及其改进

教科文组织104程序是由公约和建议书委员会负责审查教科文组织职权范围内关于案件和问题的来文的非司法程序。由于"问题"的政治敏感性,至今委员会从未作出过确认存在"问题"的决定。104程序可分为预备、审议来文、通过决定草案和报告以及决定实施四个阶段。通过对已公布的三组数据的对比,适用104程序审查的来文呈现出三个趋势:来文数量逐渐下降,来文质量提高,已解决的来文的比例显著提高且许多来文最终取得了令人满意的结果。104程序的主要特点是:以教科文组织执行局的一项决定为依据、强制性、个案性、非对抗性和严格的保密性。发达国家与发展中国家在改进104程序的多数问题上分歧严重,双方只有加强对话、相互妥协、缩小歧见、早日达成共识,才能使之更加完善,更加充分地发挥作用。

On the Procedure 104 of UNESCO and Its Improvement

The Procedure 104 is a non-judicial procedure implemented by the Committee on Conventions and Recommendations (CR) to review communications concerning cases and questions on violations of human rights within UNESCO’s fields of competence.Considering the political sensitivity,CR has not made any decision yet to confirm that the "question" exists.The Procedure can be divided into four phases:preliminary stage,examination of communications,adoption of draft decisions and reports,and implementation of the CR’s decisions.Based on the analysis of three groups of data published respectively in 1984,1998 and 2010,reviews on communications by the CR under Procedure 104 demonstrate three trends:the quantity of communications decreased while the quality of communications improved;the rate of resolved communications significantly increased and many of which had satisfactory results.The main features of Procedure 104 show as follows.It is determined based on the decision of the Executive Board rather than treaty-based.It is compulsory to party states of UNESCO.Besides,it is reviewed in a case-by-case way,avoiding conflicts and being strictly confidential.However,with regard to improving such procedure,serious disagreements exist between developed countries and developing countries.Only by strengthening dialogues,mutual compromise,and mitigating disagreements,can both parties reach consensus so as to improve the Procedure to better play its role in promoting and safeguarding human rights.