知识产权侵权惩罚性赔偿数额的司法确定问题研究

《中华人民共和国民法典》第1185条以一般规则的形式宣示我国知识产权侵权惩罚性赔偿制度的全面确立。抓紧落实惩罚性赔偿是知识产权司法面临的重大课题,惩罚性赔偿数额的确定是其中的主要问题。基数难以确定,倍数的确定缺乏统一标准,法定赔偿滥用,惩罚性赔偿、法定赔偿、酌定赔偿适用混乱,地方性裁判指南规定的数额标准不一致导致"类案不同判"等,都是当前损害赔偿数额确定中的问题。为解决上述问题,建议以权利人的实际损失为准确定惩罚性赔偿的基数,侵权获利或者许可使用费倍数作为对权利人实际损失的推定;明确实际损失的构成,在损失计算方法上适当借鉴域外经验;统一侵权获利的确定标准,同时考虑技术分摊问题;明确许可使用费的合理倍数可以作为惩罚性赔偿的基数,明确许可使用费确定时的考量因素;惩罚性赔偿的基数不应包括权利人制止侵权所支付的合理开支;酌定赔偿可以作为惩罚性赔偿的基数;满足一定条件情况下的法定赔偿可以作为惩罚性赔偿的基数。综合考虑刑事罚金、行政罚款、惩罚性赔偿的关系。出台司法解释、发布指导性案例,规范地方法院裁判惩罚性赔偿案件数额标准不一致的情形。

A Study on Judicial Determination of Intellectual Property Punitive Damages

Article 1185 of China’s Civil Code declares the overall establishment of intellectual property punitive damages system in the form of general rules.It is a major task for intellectual property judicial department to implement punitive damages promptly,to this end,determining the amount of punitive damages is a key issue.However,there are some problems yet to be resolved,for example,the base for calculating damages is hard to determine;lacking unified standard for determining the times of damages;abuse of statutory damages;confusing the application of punitive damages,statutory damages,and discretionary damages;and likely cases with different judgements resulting from inconsistency between the prescribed amount standard by local judgement guides.To address these problems,the paper suggests making the actual loss of the right owner as the base for determining punitive damages,and presuming the actual loss of the right owner according to infringement profit or times of license fee;clarifying the composition of actual loss,and appropriately refer to the foreign experience while calculating the loss;unifying the standard for determining infringement profit,and taking into account of the technology contribution rate;making certain that the reasonable times of license fee can be used as the base for calculating punitive damages,and clarifying the factors need to be considered in determining license fee;the base for punitive damages should not cover the reasonable expenses paid by the right owner to stop the infringement;discretionary damages can be used as the base for punitive damages;and the statutory damages meeting certain requirements can be used as the base of punitive damages.The paper also discusses the relationship between criminal fine,administrative fine,and punitive damages,and proposes to issue judicial interpretation and guiding cases to address the inconsistent standard for ruling punitive damages by local courts.