我国民法上的占有保护——基于人民法院占有保护案例的实证分析

我国物权法采广义的占有保护立法模式,注重法律规范的完整性和实用性,赋予占有人从物权到债权四种不同的占有保护请求权。占有保护与本权保护兼容互补、互不排斥且无法相互替代,构成财产归属秩序从事实到权利的双重保护格局。当事人选择行使一种保护方法败诉以后,仍然可以要求他种方法的保护。占有是事实而非权利,无论是有权占有还是无权占有,甚或是权属不明或者权属有争议之占有,均可享受占有之诉的保护。占有保护的一个首要前提是对物之占有或者曾经占有受到侵害或有受侵害之虞,否则占有保护无法成立。对于侵害占有的损害赔偿请求,当事人得以本权直接抗辩,而对于占有之诉,当事人不得以本权直接抗辩。间接占有、共同占有以及占有辅助已为现行立法、有关司法解释和司法实践所接受,在民事生活中广泛存在,其占有保护应区别具体情形分别处理。

Protection of Possession under Chinese Civil Law

The current Chinese Property Law adopts the generalized legislative mode of protection of possession, which attaches importance to the integrity and practicality of legal norms and endows the possessor with four different claims of protection of possession. The protection of possession and the protection of rights are mutually compatible and supplementary, but not mutually replaceable with each other. Together they form a system of dual protection of possession. Possession is a kind of fact, rather than a kind of right. All kinds of possession, including unauthorized possession, disputed possession and possession with unclear ownership, enjoy the protection of possessory action. The primary premise for protection of possession is that the current or foregone possession is/was disturbed or its further disturbances are to be feared. The possessor has to prove the status quo and the scope of the possession, otherwise there shall be no protection of possession. The question of whether indirect possession and co-possession enjoy the protection of possessory action should be determined in light of specific and concrete circumstances of each case. An agent in possession is not entitled to possession protection against any person, including the employer, without authorization from the person who exercises actual control of the possession. A damages compensation action of possession is a kind of right-based action whereas possessory action is a kind of fact-based action. There are obvious differences between the two in terms of the purpose of protection, the basis of the right of claim, adjudication rule, onus probandi (burden of proof), defense and limitation of action.