基于指示交付的动产所有权移转——兼评《中华人民共和国物权法》第26条

我国物权法第26条规定了指示交付的方式,通过转让基于占有媒介关系的原物返还请求权,使出让人无须占有媒介人的同意和协助,就能移转动产的所有权,更无须将第三人的占有限于"依法"占有。出让人是否通知占有媒介人,并非动产所有权移转的要件,而只是设立动产质权的前提,并在债法领域发挥保护债务人的作用。为使无占有的出让人也能同其他占有人一样移转其动产所有权,以满足合理的交易需求,建议借鉴德国通说,允许当事人仅根据其合意来移转所有权,该种情形超出了物权法第26条的文义范围。我国法院不少判决以转让提单、仓单等交付证券作为适用物权法第26条的情形,有误解之嫌。当事人以该类证券的交付替代证券项下货物的交付,仍然是适用物权法第23条的现实交付。此类交易方式虽法无明文,但应根据商事交易习惯予以认可,以便证券项下的货物便捷流通。

Transfer of the Ownership of Movables on the Basis of Assignment of Claim for Possession

According to Article 26 of the Property Law of the PRC, delivery may be replaced by assignment of claim for possession, whereby the owner assigns to the acquirer the claim to delivery of the thing. The transfer of the ownership takes place without the help of direct possessor and the possession is not limited to legal possession. Notification to the direct possessor plays only the role of debtor protection in the field of Law of Obligations. It is not the premise of transfer of ownership of movables, but a precondition of creation of chattel pledge. In order to enable owners without possession to transfer their ownership in the same way as owners with possession, so as to meet the needs of reasonable transaction, the author of this article suggests that China draw on the German experience and allow owners to transfer their ownership through agreement with acquirers. But this is beyond the scope of Article 26 of Property Law. Many Chinese courts apply Article 26 of the Property Law to negotiable bills of lading and other title documents and believe that such documents can be regarded as substitute for delivery of the goods under the item of documents. Actually this is a misinterpretation of the Law: delivery of such instruments as substitute for the delivery of the goods under the item of documents should still be regarded as actual delivery, to which Article 23 of the Law is applicable. Although there is no express legal provision on such transactions, they should still be recognized according to the custom of commercial transaction, so as to facilitate the circulation of the goods under the item of documents.