组织体罪责理念下单位故意的认定:以污染环境罪为例

我国理论通说和司法实践在认定单位犯罪时习惯以自然人的行为和意志为关联和前提,这种个体主义的思路存在诸多缺陷。单位既不能被还原为单个的自然人,也不是自然人的简单集合,组织结构、管理制度、经营方式等客观因素是单位的重要组成部分。单位具有独立的意志和刑事责任。需以整体主义的视角判断组织体罪责,单位犯意仍需区分故意与过失。单位故意是个体在单位内的决策机制或默认规则之作用下最终形成的意志,既有自然人意志的主观色彩,也深受单位客观因素的影响。从整体上把握单位的决策机制、管理制度的政策倾向、管理运营的惯常模式可以帮助认定单位故意。

The Determination of Corporate Intent under the Idea of the Organizational Criminal Liability:Taking the Crime of Environmental Pollution for Example

The prevailing theory and judicial practitioners are used to regarding the actus reus and mens rea of individual(s)as the connection and premise in finding corporate guilty.This individualistic approach has many shortcomings.Corporations are neither reductive to individuals,nor the simple aggregation of individuals.Objective factors such as organizational structure,management systems and operational mode also important parts of a corporation.The corporation has independent mens rea and should assume independent criminal liability.It is necessary to adopt the holistic perspective to identify organizational criminal liability.For the corporate mens rea,it is still necessary to make a distinction between intent and negligence.Corporate intent is a will finally formed by individual(s)under the decision-making mechanism or implied rules of the corporation,which has the subjective note of individual will and is influenced by the objective corporate factors.The holistic mastery of the decision-making mechanism and the policy orientation of the management systems,usual mode of management and operation of the corporation may help identify corporate intent.