行政犯的类型与违法性判断的区分

行政犯的类型区分直接影响到违法性判断方法的确立。依据前置行政规范的本质属性的不同,刑法存在前置不法型行政犯和前置程序型行政犯。当前,学界和实务界通常忽视前置程序规范的存在,将其与前置不法规范混为一体,导致前置程序型行政犯违法性判断始终依附于前置不法型行政犯,继而认为前置程序型行政犯违法性判断同样具有从属性。违法性判断仅指的是刑事违法性的前提和依据的判断,而并非罪刑规范的最终适用,否则违法性判断将毫无现实意义。在此基础上,前置不法型行政犯违法性判断具有从属性,从属于一般违法性的概念和类型,而并非刑事违法性对一般违法性的从属。与前置不法型行政犯不同的是,前置程序型行政犯违法性判断具有独立性,其独立于前置的行政程序规范。刑法可对行政程序的次数、主体、时效及形式等进行独立判断。前置程序型行政犯在刑法体系中应具有独立地位。

On the Classification of Administrative Offenses and the Determination of Illegality

The classification of administrative offenses is directly related to the establishment of the method of determining illegality.According to different essential natures of the involved administrative norms,there are pre-illegality administrative offenses and pre-procedure administrative offenses in the criminal law.At present,the academia and judicial practitioners always ignore the existence of involved administrative norms on procedure and regard them and the involved administrative norms on illegality as a whole,thereby holding the opinion that the determination of illegality for the pre-procedure administrative offenses should also follow the principle of subordination.However,it should be made clear that the determination of illegality only refers to a determination of the precondition and foundation of criminal illegality rather than the final application of norms on the crime and punishment,otherwise the determination of illegality will be of no practical significance.On basis of this,the determination of illegality for the pre-illegality administrative offenses is subordinate to concept and classifications of the general illegality,however the criminal illegality is not subordinate to the general illegality.Being different from that of the pre-illegality administrative offenses,the determination of illegality for pre-procedure administrative offenses is independent from the administrative legal effect of concrete regulations of the involved administrative norms on procedure,that is,the criminal law may independently has concrete regulations on the number,time limit,administrative subject and formal requirements of the administrative procedure.Therefore,the pre-procedure administrative offenses should enjoy independent status in the criminal legal system.