清水江文书所见300年前锦屏方言的语音特点

清水江文书是研究明清以来黔东南方言历史的珍贵语料,以锦屏为例,文书中蕴含的大量别字现象反映了300年前当地方音的一些特点:声母方面,中古知系字与精组字合流,读精组音;部分晓、匣母字混入非组;部分端组、见组字与知庄章合流,与古湘赣语保持一致;韵母方面,深臻曾梗四摄合流,方向是-?耷]>-n];咸山二摄字合流,读-n]音;声调方面,古入声字与平上去三声相混,入声调尚未稳定地归入阳平;古全浊上声字和部分全清、次浊上声字归入去声。一些不符合规律的语音现象,可能是受当地苗、侗语和写手用字习惯的影响。

Characteristics of Jinping Dialect Three Hundred Years Ago as Reflected in Qingshuijiang Contract Documents

Qingshuijiang contract documents are valuable materials for the study of the history of Qiandongnan dialect since Ming and Qing dynasties.Take Jinping as an example,the erroneous characters in those documents reflect thefollowing features of the Jinping dialect three hundred years ago.Initials aspect,middle Chinese initial system zhi(知)have merged into the jing(精)group,groups xiao(晓)and xia(匣)have merged into the fei(非)group,groups duan(端)and jian(见)have merged into system zhi(知),consistent with the Gan(赣)dialect and Xiang(湘)dialect.Finals aspect,thegroups shen(深)zhen(臻)zeng(曾)geng(梗)have merged into a trend from-?耷]to-n],the groups xian(咸)and shan(山)have merged into a trend to-n].Tone aspect,ancient rusheng(入声)tone have merged into ping(平)shang(上)and qu(去)tones and has not been classified into yangping(阳平),ancient voiced and voiceless syllable shang(上)initials have merged into the qu(去)tone.Some irregular phonetic phenomena may be influenced by Miao and Dong language and the words using habits of the writers.