近年来发达资本主义国家“四天工作制”运动的理论与实践

“四天工作制”即一周工作 4 天或 32 小时的工时制度。从 2015 年到 2022 年,在世界经济疲软衰退和新冠疫情全球大流行的背景下,欧洲、大洋洲、北美洲、亚洲的主要发达资本主义国家都在不同程度上实施了以“四天工作制”为代表的缩短工作时间的试验。“四天工作制”运动的组织和研究者也从经济、劳资关系、社会三方面提出了理论主张。“四天工作制”运动本质上是资本主义国家和企业通过缩短工时的手段,应对资本主义经济困境的举措,一定程度上面临着后劲不足、易于反复的困境。“四天工作制”运动对我国具有两点启示：其一,应完善劳动关系三方协商协调机制,提高劳动者议价能力,稳步降低劳动时间,维护劳动者合法权益;其二,在未来继续缩短工作时间的问题上应警惕发达资本主义国家设置的“缩短工作制陷阱”。

A Theoretical and Practical Study on the Four-day Workweek Campaign in Developed Capitalist Countries

The Four-day Workweek refers to a working hour system of four days or 32 hours per week. From 2015 to 2022, major developed capitalist countries in Europe, Oceania, North America, and Asia have implemented experiments of shortened working hours, represented by the Four-day Workweek, to varying degrees. Organizers and researchers of the Four-day Workweek Campaign have put forward theoretical propositions from three perspectives: economy, labor-capital relations, and society. The Four-day Workweek is essentially a measure taken by capitalist countries and enterprises to cope with the economic challenges of capitalism by shortening working hours. However, it faces the challenges of insuffi cient long-term sustainability and susceptibility to setbacks. The Four-day Workweek provides two implications for China: fi rst, we should improve the three-party negotiation and coordination mechanism in labor relations, enhancing workers'' bargaining power, steadily reducing working hours, and safeguarding workers'' legitimate rights and interests; second, we should be cautious of the "trap of shortened workweek" set by developed capitalist countries in the future when considering further reductions in working hours